Rugs and the
various flatwaves are made from five basic materials; sheep wool, goat hair,
cotton, floss silk, and silk.
Sheep Wool :
The quality of wool
varies according to the climate, the breed of sheep, and the time of year of the
shearing. Wool from sheep that live in warm and arid regions is normally dry and
brittle, and since it breaks so easly, it ends up being short and feels lifeless.
Good quality wool comes from helthy and well fed sheep found in cold regions or
at high elevations with good grazing lands and lots of water. In the colder
regions, sheep grow a full fleece to keep warm and their bodies store fat which
then translates to a high lanolin content within the fiber which reaches lengths
of 10 cm. and more. The wool so obtained feels silky smooth and yet springy.
Wool from the higher elevations (cooler also) and from the spring shearing is
considered to be the highest quality. Wool is hand-spun by using primative
utensils called kirmen (drop spindle) and by spinning wheels. Women usually spin
the wool during idle moments and the street while spinning. In hand-spun wool,
the original length of the fiber stays the same through the spinning process - a
fiber tahat measured 7 cm. before spinning will still measure the same after
spinning. Wool can also industrially spun, but the hard twisting of the fibers
by the spinning machines tends to berak some of the fibers. Although the broken
bits and shorter fibers can be made to adhere together through the use of oils
during the spinning process, the fiber will have lost some of its strength,
which, in turn, will shorten the life spun of the rugs to be woven.
Cotton :
In rug and kilim
weaving, cotton is used mostly for the warp threads, as well as for the
wefts. Compaired to wool, cotton is generally considered to be a more
residant fiber and it is less elastic. So, tighter knots can be tied on
cotton warps as opposed to wool. If very tight knot are tied to a wool
warp, the fiber will break much more frequantly than if the warps were of
cotton. Consequentl, woolen pile rugs with high knoting density counts
will normally have cotton warps, for example, in
Hereke, Ladik, and
Kayseri Bunyan carpets.
Goat Hair :
Goat hair
occosionally found in Oriental rugs in the side bindings (selvedge), but
is more frequently found in saddle bags, cushions, various types of stacks,
etc.
Floss Silk :
Floss silk, or art
silk as it is some times called, is actually mercerised cotton and is used
in certain rugs that are woven in Kayseri. Although not identical to silk,
a somewhat similar look is obtained by mixing cypress tree fibers with
cotton that has been washed in citric acid. Floss silk rugs are woven with
natural cotton warp and weft threads.
Pure Silk :
The silk used in
Turkish carpet comes from silk cocoons in Bursa.
It has a very high tensile strenght and can be twisted very finely, plus
it is guite resistant. The finest silk comes from the first part of the
amazingly long single thread with witch silk warm spins its cocoons. When
unrolled, the thread from one silk cocoon can stretch up to 25,000 meters.
The best and the finest hand-woven rugs in the wold are Hereke silk rugs.
A normal quality silk Hereke should have
1,000,000 knots per square meter. To day with tremendous care, attention
and density, some exceptional Hereke silk rugs are woven with 3,240,000
knots per square meter; that is 18 knots vertically on 1 cm. And 18 knots
horizontally on 1 cm. This indicates how finely the silk can be twisted
and woven, as well as how strong and resisdent this piles can be.
